Category: Music Education

Behind the scenes of music creation

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Music Education

Music and Storytelling: Concept Albums

Four album covers in a gridlike formation. The albums are A Prince Among Thieves, De La Soul is Dead, Tommy and Dust Bowl Ballads

A concept album can be loosely defined as an album that follows a central narrative or theme. I say loosely because there is no strict consensus on what qualifies as a concept album, but generally the criteria are based on an album’s ability to uniformly achieve its narrative. In a concept album, the album as a whole often means something different than the individual songs. The album is made to work together and the songs build on one another, adding context or closure to problems brought up in previous songs. 

The first concept album is widely cited to be “Dust Bowl Ballads” by Woody Guthrie. The album chronicles the Dust Bowl era of The Great Depression. Some of the songs are Guthrie embodying a character, while others are him reporting on the situation from outside. The central story throughout is of the mass migration of people from the region affected by the Dust Bowl to California. 

Since the release of this album in 1940, the concept album has grown and changed a lot. 

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Music Education

Defining Genre: Electronic Body Music

A high-contrast image of four men of the band Front 242 standing in front of a barcode pattern.
Source: Whitecode on Wikimedia Commons via CC Share-Alike 3.0 License

In 1980s Germany, in dark basements and sweaty clubs, a new genre was being developed. This genre was a patchwork of musical influences. It was the constructed child of industrial and dance music, with many other genres claiming paternity from the funky rhythms of disco to the experimental instrumentation of synthpop. This Frankenstein’s monster was called Electronic Body Music. EBM combines heavy basslines and repetitive drum machines with distorted vocals and experimental synths. Some bands included samples from war movies or science fiction movies with dark themes, using the voice clips to create an oppressive feeling and to give the idea that the music was something that could control you. 

EBM found its origin in Germany, where the electronic music scene was constantly evolving. One of the German bands that helped to start the genre was Deutsch Americanische Freundschaft (stylized as DAF). DAF used EBM to explore themes of power, violence and sexuality, which would turn out to be enduring themes of the genre. Despite controversies faced by the band for their heavy use of militaristic aesthetics and the dark lyrical contents of their songs, this danceable industrial music quickly grew to dominate the club scene internationally. Soon after DAF appeared on the scene, bands began to pop up in other European countries. Notable examples include Front 242 in Belgium and Nitzer Ebb in England. In North America there was the hugely influential Canadian band Skinny Puppy. 

The aesthetics of the scene surrounding EBM were leather twists on the uniforms of factory workers and the military. The fashion took cues from the punk scene of the 70s and eventually would develop alongside the goth scene, which resulted in a meshing of subcultures. Many later EBM bands fully embraced a much more goth look. The outfits of the bands that pioneered the genre were purposefully provocative. The genre often involved topics of hyperviolence and machismo, with a sardonic twist on both. The twist was the idea that machismo taken to its fullest extent would be realized as violence, while also satirizing this elevated masculinity into an almost homoerotic affair by many of the bands involved. 

The scene would continue to grow and influence music, spawning numerous offshoots and subgenres. Examples of the subgenres that grew from EBM include aggrotech and futurepop. Along with creating new genres, EBM strongly influenced the direction of existing ones. Industrial music and EBM had an open exchange of ideas, and as a result EBM massively influenced the industrial bands of the late 80s and early 90s such as Ministry and Nine Inch Nails. 

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Music Education

What Are CD Samplers?

Purple text on a CD reading "CD Samplers"
Public domain image edited by the author.

A CD Sampler is a kind of compilation album that combines tracks from many different artists, usually from the same label. Labels would put out these CDs so people could be introduced to an artist without having to commit to buying a CD by an artist they didn’t know. The same way that you might be offered a bite of something before you buy a meal. It was a good way for labels to give their artists exposure and a good way for listeners to discover new music. 

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Music Education

Defining Genre: Jangle Pop

A faded yellow image of the band The Byrds performing a show.
"The Byrds on The Big T.N.T. Show, 1966." Wikimedia Commons and KRLA Beat, permission via Public Domain.

What Is Jangle Pop?

Jangle pop describes a sound characterized by bright “jangly” guitars. Bands created this sound by using single-coil pickups. Pickups on electric guitars convert string vibrations into electricity. Inside of the pickup are magnetic bars, wrapped in coils. Metal coils can convert vibrations into electricity even without a power source. The metal strings on guitars work as a second magnetic body, which moves over the magnetic bars and coils. When a magnet goes over the coil an electrical current flows through it. 

There are two main ways to make pickups, single or double coils. Double coils reduce the amount of outside noise interference because each coil can cancel out any background humming done by the other. Single coils on the other hand do not have noise reduction. Single coil pickups offer a crisp and clean tone, which when paired with the use of minimal distortion on amps creates the jangly sound for which the genre is named. Some jangle pop acts also employed the use of 12-string guitars. 12-string guitars produce a cascading, shimmery sound. This sound is due to the fact that it is impossible to vibrate all of the strings simultaneously.  

While influenced by pop and utilizing pop writing conventions, bands still usually had a DIY mentality, an amateur sound and cryptic lyrics. 

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Music Education

What is the Amen Break?

Blue record of "Amen, Brother" by The Winstons.
Image is in the public domain

What is the amen break? If you’re a fan of electronic genres like drum and bass, jungle and breakcore, or a listener of classic hip-hop, you’ve almost certainly heard this soundbite hundreds of times. It’s just a 7-second drum break, but who created it, and how did it get so big?

Origins

The amen break gets its name from its song of origin called “Amen, Brother,” released in 1969 by the soul ensemble The Winstons. The track was a B-side of the group’s much more popular single, “Color Him Father.”

It never gained much notoriety in its own right, and was pretty simple. Spposedly, the band composed it in just twenty minutes based on the gospel song “Amen” and a guitar riff courtesy of Curtis Mayfield.

The sheer disparity in scale between the original single and the sample it spawned is pretty crazy, but what’s even more nuts is the fact that the amen break itself exists completely by chance: it was added solely to elongate the track, which was initially a couple seconds too short for the band.

Sound

The curious treasure we’re examining pops up around one minute and 26 seconds into “Amen, Brother,” where all other instrumentation quiets down and the group’s drummer, Gregory Coleman, lays down a four-bar drum break.

You can hear it here on Wikipedia.

It’s a clean sequence with some key aspects that lend to its recognizability: while the first two bars are a repetition of the song’s normal beat, the third has a delayed snare and the final bar has an empty initial beat followed by a new syncopated rhythm and early crash cymbal.

I think this measured ‘imbalance’ is part of what makes it such a good sample: it’s simple enough to function in many different contexts, but at the same time it’s complex enough to avoid monotony and retain a great deal of nuance when looped.

Journey

So, how did it make it into the world of sampling?

In 1986, record-divers digging through old soul tracks included “Amen, Brother” in “Ultimate Breaks and Beats,” a series of compilation albums assembled for DJs to use in turntabling.

It caught on and was rapped over by many MCs, with one of its first steps into the charts being the single “I Desire” from the highly influential hip-hop group Salt-N-Pepa.

Within a couple years, it was thrust into the mainstream, featuring as the backbone of hits such as “Straight Outta Compton” by the legendary N.W.A.

To view its impact on electronic music, we have to shift a little both in time and space.

In the late 80s and early 90s, British DJs began using the amen break (along with various other drum breaks) as a bridge between hip-hop and house in their mixes.

Eventually, as a result of ramped-up speed and musical blending, breakbeat was birthed, forming the soil from which jungle and D’n’B bloomed.

Soon, the amen break started to be considered a real element of British pop culture, ending up in the hands of giants like David Bowie and Oasis.

However, it’s not accurate to say the UK was breakbeat’s one-and-only birthplace, even though some sources imply that.

The US developed the genre in parallel, around the same time and in a similar but different fashion to England. It had a kind of mirror double-life; in both countries it was kicked into action by local DJs, refined, reinforced and repeated in broader (but still localized) scenes, and then carried into a larger musical consciousness on the shoulders of giants.

The individuals and sets were different, but ultimately they all drew from the upstream spring that was funk and soul, and the sound pooled together again with the amen break becoming a worldwide staple of electronic music.

Shadows

This diversity of creation and practice is amazing, but unfortunately, as is common in the musical world, the contributing groups outside of mainstream whitewashed society often go overlooked and unappreciated.

Gregory Coleman, the drummer who made it all possible, died in 2006 a homeless man, likely fully unaware of his impact on music history.

Neither he nor the rest of The Winstons ever saw a penny from the break’s usage, due to them not knowing of the situation until long after the statute of limitations had passed.

In fact, The Winstons themselves disbanded only one year after “Amen, Brother” came out; as a mixed-race group at the time, they faced a lot of difficulty when it came to bookings.

The band’s leader, Richard Lewis Spencer, did eventually receive payment from a GoFundMe campaign started in an attempt to give back to the track’s creators.

Spencer, who claimed to have directed Coleman’s break, was initially outraged upon finding out about the vast sampling, but years later said its widespread usage flattered him, especially as a Black man in America.

Another band member, Phil Tolotta, said the break was solely Coleman’s creation. Either way, we’ll sadly never know how Coleman himself, who was also Black, felt about its use.

That being said, I have the feeling his break won’t be forgotten for a long time.

~DJ Tullykinesis

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Music Education

Happy Independence Day, Nigeria.

Multiple Nigerian flags held high
"25 Interesting Facts about Nigeria and Nigerians" by Abdulkabir Olatunji. Uploaded to Coolstuff49ja licensed CC BY-SA 3.0.

Onism is a word coined by author and poet John Konieg that refers to the bitter realization of how little of the world you will ever truly experience.

Sadly, with the thousands of cultures alive today, most of us will only be a part of one, or perhaps a few if we are lucky.

Driven by this realization, I’ve embarked on a journey to immerse myself in as many cultures as humanly possible—what better way to do so than through a medium similar across every culture–Music?

Today, this journey takes us to the continent of Africa and to a country you have perhaps heard of before—the giants of Africa, Nigeria.

Happy Independence Day, Nigeria.

What do you know about Nigeria?

Just like most African countries, Nigeria was colonized by a European nation — Britain.

Nigeria is a country located in West Africa that boasts a population of over 233 million people who speak over 525 languages. It is the most populated country in Africa and the 7th in the world. Nigeria is widely known for its music, food and fashion industry.

Continue reading “Happy Independence Day, Nigeria.”
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Music Education

¡Viva México!

A couple dancing in traditional Mexican attire with confetti and fireworks in the background.
"Mexico" by peipp. Uploaded to DeviantArt licensed CC BY-NC-ND 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en

Onism is a word coined by author and poet John Konieg that refers to the bitter realization of how little of the world you will ever truly experience.

Sadly, with the thousands of cultures alive today, most of us will only be a part of one, or perhaps a few if we are lucky.

Driven by this realization, I’ve embarked on a journey to immerse myself in as many cultures as humanly possible. What better way to do so than through a medium similar across every culture–Music.


Today, this journey takes us to the vibrant and colorful heart of Mexico.

Heartshaped Mexico-Flag

Feliz Día de la Independencia, México (Happy Indepenedence Day, Mexico).

What do you know about Mexico?

Mexico, the 13th largest country by area and 10th most populated country in the world is located in the southern part of North America. Thanks to its significant trade relationship with the U.S. and the large Mexican-American population, the Mexican culture is undoubtedly one of the more accessible and influential cultures for us to appreciate.

Continue Reading “¡Viva México!”
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Music Education

International Music: Icelandic Punk

Icelandic punk museum entrance

When was the last time you listened to a song from a non-American/British artist? What about the last time you listened to a song in a different language? Ever wanted to expand your music taste to include songs from all around the world? 

Well that’s the goal of this article series. I hope to help you expand your song taste to include songs from other countries, in other languages and from different cultures.

Icelandic Punk Museum
Photo of Iceland’s punk museum from Flickr. License: CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

In Reykjavík, Iceland, there is a small museum hidden(ish) underground in what used to be a restroom. This museum is a unique punk museum filled with graffiti, newspaper clippings of the history of punk in Iceland, punk jackets you can try on and even headphones hanging from the ceiling playing punk Icelandic songs. 

If you go just make sure to not start taking pictures until you have paid the local punk (Svarti Álfur) who runs the museum.

Like most punk history, Icelandic punk came to be as a way to protest societal norms and became more than just a musical revolution. So today we will be shining light on different Icelandic punk bands.

A little annoying disclaimer first: For all of these I could only find them on Spotify and not YouTube.

Fræbblnarn

One of the most popular and first Icelandic punk bands is Fræbblnarn. Some songs from them are “No Friends” and “Bjór”. Both of these songs are from their album before they broke up in 1983. They did get back together and are currently making more music. Their most recent album as of now is “Dót,” released in 2018.

Their songs are known for their fast lyrics with upbeat instrumentals which contrast the words/meaning of the song, similar to Ramones’ “I Wanna Be Sedated.”

Tuð

Another Icelandic punk band is Tuð. They claim themselves to rant about problems of middle age “loudly and abundantly.” Their songs are pretty short, ranging from one song being 3 seconds to the longest being 2 minutes.  They are fast paced, and even without knowing the language, seem anger-filled as claimed.

A personal favorite is “Vorlag” in the “Þegiðu!” album, which has a caricature of a punk old man with pins and a spiky mohawk. “Vorlag” translates to “Spring Song” in Icelandic. It is about a guy who gets locked out of his home in the cold and freezes to death. When looking up the lyrics, they remind me of something out of an Edger Allan Poe book.

In comparison, there is a song “Tilfinningamaðurinn” (The emotional man) which is about different good things happening only for something to go wrong. The good moments, however, are humorously contrasted by the screaming voice.

Nöp

The last Icelandic punk band that is newest with only five singles coming out during 2023-now is Nöp. Nöp have two songs in English (“My friends are dead” and “Shoot you in the face”) and three that aren’t (“Rifast,” “Eurobabble” and “Drullusama”). The songs are pretty similar instrumentally, with strong bass transitioning into heavy drums. Their songs, however, have different topics. “Eurobabble,” “Drullusama,” and “Shoot you in the face” have themes of social commentary and war/death, while “My friends are dead” is more about the meaning of life being nothing and becoming older and friends passing away.

I hope you enjoyed the first installation to the International Music series.

— Vesper

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Music Education

Exploring the World Through Music: Celebrating Malaysia’s Hari Merdeka

Heri Merkda Celebrating Malaysi’s 53rd Independence. Image by Fzak publisded August 30, 2010. CC By-NC-ND 3.0 Merdeka by Fzak on DeviantArt


Onism is a word coined by author and poet John Konieg that refers to the bitter realization of how little of the world you will ever truly experience.

It is sad that of the thousands of cultures today, the majority of the public will only be a part of one or two, or a handful if you’re lucky.

Driven by this thought, I’ve embarked on a journey to immerse myself in various cultures. Many of my blog posts will focus on exploring the vibrant music of different countries on their independence or national days.


Today, we’re celebrating all the beautiful Malaysians in our communities.

“Selamat pagi” to my Malaysians, and a joyous Hari Merdeka to you all.


Malaysia is a beautiful country located in southeast Asia.

It is widely known for its captivating landscapes, rich cultural heritage and diverse demographics.

Malaysia is home to over 30 million people, with different ethnicities like Malay, Chinese, Indian, Punjabi, Iban, Kadazan and many more. The country’s landscape is equally diverse, ranging from lush rainforests and beaches to bustling cities.

Malaysia is made up of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, which together include more than 800 islands.

This geographical variety provides a rich backdrop for the country’s cultural and musical expressions.


Malaysia was colonized by the Portuguese in the early 16th century, followed by the Dutch and then the British. It wasn’t until August 31, 1957, that Malaysia gained its independence from British colonial rule.

Hari Merdeka, or Independence Day, is celebrated annually to commemorate this significant milestone.

To celebrate Hari Merdeka, I’ve selected two of the most memorable contemporary Malaysian tracks that I found while exploring the Malaysian music scene.

A little disclaimer: this was my first time listening to Malaysian music/artists, so this is my unbiased opinion as an outsider attempting to peer into their beautiful culture.

“Luka Dan Benci” by Night Skies & Visions


“Luka Dan Benci” is a song by Night Skies and Visions, a pop punk band in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia which debuted April 2015.

“Luka Dan Benci” translates to “Wounds and Hatred.”

The track opens with a haunting, reverberating guitar melody, setting a somber tone. The steady drumbeat adds a raw intensity, driving the song forward as it builds up to an emotional chorus.

“Luka Dan Benci” evokes a bittersweet feeling, with its slow-yet-powerful guitar riffs mirroring the tension between love and pain.

The best way I can describe the vibe is nostalgic. I apologize if this description does not resonate with a lot of you, but I grew up watching Mexican and Philippines telenovelas, and while listening to this song, I had a montage of all the series I thoroughly enjoyed watching as a kid playing in my head.

If this is not something you can relate to, they are still worth the listen.

The rest of their songs like “Go There If You Miss Me” and “Saturday Night” — which are in English,might I add — are more upbeat anthems with catchy hooks and energetic guitars that instantly transport you to the early 2000s pop-punk scene.

Their songs feel like a throwback to teenage anthems, with driving drumbeats and electric guitar power chords. The fast tempo and carefree attitude make it perfect for dancing around with friends or reliving
your high school days.

Some of their songs felt a lot of the early 2000s preppy pop songs. If at some point you enjoyed songs from Hannah Montana, Camp Rock or High School Musical, you just might enjoy listening to Night Skies and Visions.

“Consequences” by I Lost the Plot

Moving on from Night Skies & Visions, I discovered another gem in the Malaysian music scene—”Consequences” by I Lost the Plot.

While it’s quite different in style, it carries its own unique charm.

The track opens with a 37-second instrumental solo before the song begins.

The upbeat tempo, driving guitars and catchy lyrics give it an adrenaline-pumping vibe, perfect for getting you pumped up.

The best way I can describe it is that it should be a catchy theme song for a cartoon hero show. Have you ever randomly caught yourself singing or humming the theme songs for Kim Possible or Ben 10? Yes? Then this track would definitely have the same effect.

The rest of their songs maintain a similar energetic vibe, making any track from I Lost the Plot an excellent choice for sports or heart-racing activities.

Tanggal 31 Ogos

To fully embrace the spirit of Hari Merdeka, Tanggal 31 Ogos is a popular patriotic song specifically celebrating Malaysia’s Independence Day. The song, with a title that translates to “31 August,” reflects the joy and pride of the country on its independence anniversary.

A good listen to get in the the mood for Heri Merdeka.


I’ve curated a Spotify playlist featuring these tracks and other Malaysian artists I’ve discovered. I urge you to give it a listen and experience the essence of Malaysia’s
vibrant music scene for yourself.


My Malaysian Spotify playlist

If Malaysia isn’t already on your travel bucket list, now’s the time to add it.

With its breathtaking landscapes, rich cultural experiences and warm hospitality, Malaysia
promises a journey worth taking.

Celebrate Hari Merdeka by exploring Malaysia’s music and discover why this incredible country deserves a spot on your travel itinerary.


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Miscellaneous Music Education

“Burning Down the Haus:” Punk Rock, Revolution and the Fall of the Berlin Wall.

Oppression is a funny thing, but then again so are humans – the more your press and restrain a spirit, the stronger it grows.

East Berlin was no different.

Pirate Radio blossoms across the airwaves, ringing throughout the darkened corners of tenements and squats – The Sex Pistols, Iggy Pop, The Clash, Buzzcocks, and Ian Drury burst through the wall with a blast of pure, unadulterated adrenaline.

It was a shockwave to the restricted, highly controlled world of the DDR, a select group of kids saw their break in the clouds to build a new reality from the ground – or rather, boots up.

Beyond adopting the leather, studs and ‘can-do’ d.i.y. spirit of the movement, these kids began to form bands – circulating outside contraband and inside underground paraphernalia within a loosely organized, but painfully tightknit community across the DDR far beyond East Berlin.

Tim Mohr chronicles the burgeoning punk movement within the DDR from the first girl to spike her hair to the fall of the wall and the birth of Krautrock through “Burning Down the Haus.”

More than glimpse behind the Iron Curtain, Mohr paints a moving portrait of rebellion and reinvention in life or death situations, a revelation spurred on by chains and spikes.

When I first read this post, I wasn’t in a really good place; I was struggling to see the light at the end of the tunnel, to find the drive to keep pushing forward in a world that feels exceedingly futile. In many ways, this book helped me see beauty in the human experience again.

These kids were angry, and rightfully so, but they found hope for a better world within their anger.

They turned that anger into action, they turned life itself into an act of defiance.

These young punks weren’t just surviving the impossible, they made an active choice to live in the face of inscrutable danger.

Beyond the music, beyond the fashion, beyond the shows and squats that’s what stuck with me long after reading – and I hope it will stick with you too.

For those of you looking for an auditory companion to the listening experience, the “Too Much Future” compilation album of DDR punk from 1980-1989 is what I found most aligned with the reading.

Be forewarned, the material is explicit…but if you’re expecting kisses from grandma on a punk album, I can’t help you.

– Bodhi